\u0110\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
1, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:+c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ed lu\u1eadn (1-2 trang):gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n
N\u00eau kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft & thi\u1ebfu t.tin<\/p>\n
+C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: 3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4 g\u00ec?:….<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c who care- ai quan t\u00e2m?<\/p>\n
So what: \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n
+Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c)<\/p>\n
+M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau:- m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
-M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/p>\n
2, h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u y v\u0103n:( ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1): d\u00e0n \u00fd kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p: ( ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II)<\/p>\n
+ Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u)<\/p>\n
+\u0110\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/p>\n
D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu<\/p>\n
C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu<\/p>\n
K\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu<\/p>\n
Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu<\/p>\n
Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sai l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a<\/p>\n
+Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1<\/p>\n
+Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: ngu\u1ed3n<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sai l\u1ec7ch th\u00f4ng tin<\/p>\n
+X\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef ki\u00ean<\/p>\n
+Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec5u<\/p>\n
4. Y \u0111\u1ee9c: l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n k? Ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 k?<\/p>\n
5. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n
6. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
7. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 3N: ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
8. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/p>\n
9. Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
NOTE<\/p>\n
1. T\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a<\/p>\n
2. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/p>\n
3. *C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ( 3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00ec), t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi: bao nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 g\u00ec ( kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ra sao)<\/p>\n
4. *M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9ng minh), c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1,<\/p>\n
5. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft: n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a 1 bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n
6. H\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u y v\u0103n: s\u00e1t h\u1ee3p theo bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n: k d\u01b0, k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3<\/p>\n
7. C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu: t\u00ednh cho t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i P b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c: P= 0.22<\/p>\n
M\u00e0 n\u00ean n\u00f3i: P l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 mong \u0111\u1ee3i qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 22 %<\/p>\n
8. Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu:<\/p>\n
Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. Vd: ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o: 15-19t, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lo\u1ea1i ra: d\u01b0\u1edbi 15, tr\u00ean 19t. ( kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0y)<\/p>\n
9. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sai l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c sai th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n
Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, k vi\u1ebft theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc<\/p>\n
10. B\u1ed9 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 trong m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau.<\/p>\n
Theo s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u * l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc k\u0129 ( 3,4)<\/p>\n
M\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean slide, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00f4i nha!<\/p>\n
GOOD LUCK!!<\/p>\n
B\u00e0i so\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nam K15A1 (XH)<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 1: Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 thang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
1) C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n:<\/p>\n
– T\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n
= (T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) x S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m<\/p>\n
– T\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n
– Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
– S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/p>\n
2) Thang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u1ebd \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0o 1 c\u1ed9t. C\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 cho \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o 4 c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 4 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau<\/p>\n
– Cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 1-3 (\u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1eeb 1-4), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho theo t\u1eebng c\u1ed9t (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo t\u1eebng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n)<\/p>\n
– Khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo t\u1eebng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m cho m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng cao h\u01a1n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang thang \u0111i\u1ec3m 1-3 v\u00e0o c\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng)<\/p>\n
– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m = nhau: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n<\/p>\n
– N\u1ebfu t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng = nhau th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
– Khi cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 1-4 s\u1ebd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 2: Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1?<\/p>\n
1) B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: tham kh\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n
– Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/p>\n
– B\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
– T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n
2) B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 1 c\u00e1ch chung chung. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh khi c\u00f3 1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3<\/p>\n
3) B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
Sau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1:<\/p>\n
+ B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00ean c\u00f3<\/p>\n
+ S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau? Khi n\u00e0o? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u? T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
+ T\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3: c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 1 ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng hay kh\u00f4ng? H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
4) B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n
Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i -> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t)<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 3: M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed1t?<\/p>\n
1) M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
– L\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n
– 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh 1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, thu th\u1eadp, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u logic v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n. Khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
2) C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n
– Ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i<\/p>\n
– Ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u = 1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao tr\u00f9m b\u1edfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung<\/p>\n
– C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 4: Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
1) T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00ec v\u1edbi 1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ta s\u1ebd:<\/p>\n
+ C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n
+ D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
+ Cho ph\u00e9p ta tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y 1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i sao v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/p>\n
2) C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/p>\n
– T\u00f3m t\u1eaft 1 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ec3n khai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 1 con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n<\/p>\n
– M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, x\u00fac t\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1, t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n
– Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan<\/p>\n
– M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam?<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1?<\/p>\n
– T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan (ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong 1 m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 2)<\/p>\n
– N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1eafn t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a 1 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
– Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
B\u00c0I 2: BI\u1ebeN S\u1ed0 TRONG NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 5: Bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1? Cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1?<\/p>\n
1) Bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1:<\/p>\n
– L\u00e0 1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. Bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong 1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 (ko thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n)<\/p>\n
2) Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1:<\/p>\n
– Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1<\/p>\n
T\u00f9y theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean 1 tr\u1ee5c s\u1ed1)<\/p>\n
Vd: c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c: c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o ch\u1ec9 mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean<\/p>\n
Vd: s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u\/1 ml m\u00e1u<\/p>\n
T\u00f9y theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb zero, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t: c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb zero l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c<\/p>\n
Vd: c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng (khi c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng = 0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ko c\u00f3 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng)<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng chia: c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb zero ko th\u1ef1c<\/p>\n
Vd: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 = 0oC: ko c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ko c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng sang th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn)<\/p>\n
– Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
T\u00f9y theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong 1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh, c\u00f3:<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn danh m\u1ee5c: c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn ko c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo 1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
Vd: n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng: c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo 1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
Vd: tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/p>\n
+ Bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong bi\u1ebfn bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 nh\u00f3m<\/p>\n
Vd: c\u00f3 h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c hay kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 6: N\u00eau c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 theo m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1? Cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1?<\/p>\n
D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3:<\/p>\n
1) Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp:<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. N\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ko ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201cqu\u1ea3\u201d<\/p>\n
Vd: \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh lao (ch\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh lao ko g\u00e2y ra nh\u00e0 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng)<\/p>\n
2) Bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3<\/p>\n
Vd: b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 1 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu iod trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n<\/p>\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n
3) Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec5u: 1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u khi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
– Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u:<\/p>\n
+ Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
+ Ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0ng ko ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m<\/p>\n
+ Ko ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung gian gi\u1eefa ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
+ Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
+ Nhi\u1ec5u v\u00e0 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 cho nhau t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
Vd: \u201ch\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1\u201d l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec5u khi xem x\u00e9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u201cu\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea\u201d l\u00ean \u201cb\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch\u201d<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 7: T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1? H\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1? Cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5?<\/p>\n
1) T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1?<\/p>\n
– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ko th\u1eeba nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ko thi\u1ebfu<\/p>\n
– T\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh PP v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n
– T\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
2) Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1:<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa 2 hay nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1<\/p>\n
Vd: c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng\/tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thang \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a 1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n
Vd: \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00f4n m\u00ea theo thang \u0111i\u1ec3m Glasgow:<\/p>\n
Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1edf m\u1eaft<\/p>\n
M\u1edf m\u1eaft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/p>\n
M\u1edf m\u1eaft khi g\u1ecdi<\/p>\n
M\u1edf m\u1eaft khi k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111au<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u0169ng ko m\u1edf m\u1eaft<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang<\/p>\n
L\u00fac \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac sai<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n<\/p>\n
\u00da \u1edb<\/p>\n
Ko tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00fang theo y l\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
G\u1ea1c \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 khi k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111au<\/p>\n
G\u1ea1c ko \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 khi k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111au<\/p>\n
Co c\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t v\u1ecf<\/p>\n
Du\u1ed7i c\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t n\u00e3o<\/p>\n
Ko \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
+ T\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
15<\/p>\n
T\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/p>\n
11-14<\/p>\n
H\u00f4n m\u00ea nh\u1eb9<\/p>\n
6-10<\/p>\n
H\u00f4n m\u00ea v\u1eeba<\/p>\n
4-5<\/p>\n
H\u00f4n m\u00ea s\u00e2u<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
H\u00f4n m\u00ea qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 8: H\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u201cX\u201d v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u201cX\u201d v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t cho 1 bi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu th\u00edch h\u1ee3p)?<\/p>\n
T\u00ean bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n
Danh m\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
Th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n
Nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n<\/p>\n
Kho\u1ea3ng chia<\/p>\n
T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/p>\n
R\u1eddi r\u1ea1c<\/p>\n
Tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ure huy\u1ebft<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1eadn, vi\u1ec5n (\u0111i \u1ed1p)<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec m\u00e1u<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
S\u1ed1 h\u1ed1 x\u00ed h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
Gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
S\u1ed1 vi khu\u1ea9n\/vi tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
X<\/p>\n
B\u00c0I 3: THI\u1ebeT K\u1ebe NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 9: Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n
\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1<\/p>\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u0103m d\u00f2 1 s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/p>\n
Bao nhi\u00eau? B\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
C\u00e1i g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao? Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n do c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c<\/p>\n
– C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chu\u1ea9n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n<\/p>\n
– Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, do v\u1eady nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n<\/p>\n
– Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u0103m d\u00f2 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu v\u00e0 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u0103m d\u00f2, tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n
Lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u0103m kh\u00e1m, x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n\u2026<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n s\u00e2u, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u00f3m, v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, quan s\u00e1t, ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh, ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd\u2026<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/p>\n
– Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, b\u1ec7nh \u00e1n, b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi\u2026<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1eb5n<\/p>\n
– Phi\u1ebfu h\u1ecfi, b\u1ea3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m\u2026<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u00fd ch\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh do ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 10: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t? D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n
1) Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh quan t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p g\u00ec<\/p>\n
2) D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n
– Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 1 s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/p>\n
– Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch 1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i sau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan s\u00e1t th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 11: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3? Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3? V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3?<\/p>\n
1) Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: c\u00e2u 10<\/p>\n
2) C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed1n thu th\u1eadp l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hay c\u00e1 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n
– Th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3: l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc, chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh\u2026)<\/p>\n
+ Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
– Th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 th\u1ec3: l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (chi\u1ec1u cao, c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng\u2026)<\/p>\n
+ Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n
(1) M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm: tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1 b\u1ec7nh l\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c 1 b\u1ec7nh l\u1ebd ra ko c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p<\/p>\n
(2) M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 1 ch\u00f9m b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm: m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng m\u1eafc 1 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u1ea1, hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p<\/p>\n
+ Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n
(1) M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 1 lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
(2) Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang<\/p>\n
3) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] Th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 Th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] B\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm B\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1 ch\u00f9m 1 lo\u1ea1t Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm b\u1ec7nh c\u1eaft ngang<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 12: H\u00e3y n\u00eau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang? \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u01b0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang? V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang?<\/p>\n
1) Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang:<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1<\/p>\n
2) \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i 1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
– C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 c\u00f9ng 1 l\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xem y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t<\/p>\n
– Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 d\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y (t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc: b\u1ec7nh hay nguy c\u01a1)<\/p>\n
3) \u01afu, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– Cho bi\u1ebft t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a 1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe quan t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb TB c\u1ee7a 1 tham s\u1ed1 trong 1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n m\u1eafc m\u00e0 ko t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1eafc<\/p>\n
– C\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t c\u00f9ng 1 l\u00fac n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi ko ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n
– Ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 ko ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/p>\n
– V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm, c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n
4) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang:<\/p>\n
– S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 A: khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] E D.E<\/p>\n
D<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG] D.[\u200bIMG]\n
N n<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] E [\u200bIMG].E<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n[\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG].[\u200bIMG]\n
– S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B: khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] D E.D<\/p>\n
E<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG] E.[\u200bIMG]\n
N n<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] D [\u200bIMG].D<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n[\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG].[\u200bIMG]\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n
N: qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
n: m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
E: c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]: ko ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1<\/p>\n
D: c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]: ko c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 13: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9ng: anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, n\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u01b0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y? V\u1ebd b\u1ea3ng 2×2 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 trong b\u1ea3ng?<\/p>\n
1) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3:<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] E.D E<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG] Nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG].D [\u200bIMG]\n
Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] E.[\u200bIMG] E<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG][\u200bIMG] [\u200bIMG] E<\/p>\n
Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u) Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
2) \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean 1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa 2 nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ko b\u1ec7nh (nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng) trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n\u201d<\/p>\n
– Nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb 1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb 2 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n
– \u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u) xem m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 (nh\u00e2n) gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ko b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n
3) \u01afu, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhanh, \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
– C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/p>\n
– R\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
– Cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1eaft ngang<\/p>\n
– Kh\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng ko d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng<\/p>\n
– Hay g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c sai s\u1ed1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng quy k\u1ebft cho y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng n\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa 2 nh\u00f3m<\/p>\n
– Ko t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1eafc n\u00ean ko t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/p>\n
– Ko th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p do c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/p>\n
4) B\u1ea3ng 2×2 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9ng:<\/p>\n
B\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
E<\/p>\n
a<\/p>\n
b<\/p>\n
a + b<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n
c<\/p>\n
d<\/p>\n
c + d<\/p>\n
a + c<\/p>\n
b + d<\/p>\n
n<\/p>\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n
a: s\u1ed1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trong nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
b: s\u1ed1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
c: s\u1ed1 ko ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trong nh\u00f3m b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
d: s\u1ed1 ko ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 14: Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i, 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y: trong s\u1ed1 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i c\u00f3 35 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c trong s\u1ed1 450 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t ch\u00eanh OR?<\/p>\n
B\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
E<\/p>\n
a<\/p>\n
b<\/p>\n
a + b<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n
c<\/p>\n
d<\/p>\n
c + d<\/p>\n
a + c<\/p>\n
b + d<\/p>\n
n<\/p>\n
a = 35<\/p>\n
b = 50<\/p>\n
c = 15<\/p>\n
d = 400<\/p>\n
=> T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t ch\u00eanh OR = [\u200bIMG]= [\u200bIMG]= [\u200bIMG]= 18.67<\/p>\n
B\u00c0I 4: C\u1ee0 M\u1eaaU V\u00c0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P CH\u1eccN M\u1eaaU<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 15: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u? Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch? \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec5m KST s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n X, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ecdn ra 1 m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed3m 1 s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecfi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch?<\/p>\n
1) Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
2) Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch: tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng ko ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ngo\u1ea1i suy, kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a ra 1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mong mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i suy ra<\/p>\n
3) T\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n X:<\/p>\n
– Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: 1 s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong huy\u1ec7n X<\/p>\n
– Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00edch: to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong huy\u1ec7n X<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 16: C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra khi ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t?<\/p>\n
1) 3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra khi ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu:<\/p>\n
– Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eabu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
– L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
– M\u1eabu bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?<\/p>\n
2) C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n
– \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra<\/p>\n
– M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn: \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a 1 c\u00e1ch tin c\u1eady qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n
– T\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i: \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
– T\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn sao cho th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong khi chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 17: Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y n\u00eau \u01b0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Cho 1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n
1) \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cao<\/p>\n
– L\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n
2) Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 1 danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ko th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi 1 m\u1eabu l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, do v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian<\/p>\n
3) V\u00ed d\u1ee5: ch\u1ecdn 5 h\u1ecdc sinh trong s\u1ed1 25 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a 1 l\u1edbp<\/p>\n
– L\u1eadp 1 khung ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 25 h\u1ecdc sinh<\/p>\n
– S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ra 5 h\u1ecdc sinh: b\u1ed1c th\u0103m\u2026<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 18: H\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng? \u01afu, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n
1) C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n
– Ph\u00e2n chia qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o 1 ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u2026 Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng ko c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o<\/p>\n
– Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng<\/p>\n
– C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng (c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecdng) \u0111\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
2) \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
– T\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng -> gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
– Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/p>\n
– Khi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1eabu t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o m\u1eabu h\u01a1n. Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu cho 1 t\u1ea7ng i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n
ni = n[\u200bIMG]\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n
ni: c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng i Ni: d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng i<\/p>\n
n: c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng N: d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3<\/p>\n
– Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1eabu ko t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eabu trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n
– M\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a cao cho t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n
– N\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t cao trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (2 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu)<\/p>\n
3) Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n
Danh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00e0 g\u1eafn s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 19: \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc X \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra trong 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 12 cm. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a 1 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y t\u00ednh gi\u00fap c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra 95% tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a anh ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ko qu\u00e1 \u00b1 8 cm<\/p>\n
n = [\u200bIMG](c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu cho \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3)<\/p>\n
V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 95% -> \u03b1 (m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea) = 0.05 -> [\u200bIMG]= 1.96<\/p>\n
s (\u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc) = 12<\/p>\n
\u0394 (kho\u1ea3ng sai l\u1ec7ch mong mu\u1ed1n) = 8<\/p>\n
=> n = 1.962 x [\u200bIMG]= 8.64<\/p>\n
V\u1eady c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 9<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 20: V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 A n\u0103m 2018, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 SDD \u1edf tr\u1ebb em, v\u1eady:<\/p>\n
a, N\u00ean ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
b, N\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n
c, Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, 1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 SDD l\u00e0 35%, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 95% v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n sai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 5%, anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y t\u00ednh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/p>\n
a, Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 1 lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
b, N\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: n = [\u200bIMG](c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu cho \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3)<\/p>\n
Khi p < 20%, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n = [\u200bIMG](v\u1edbi \u03b5 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i) c, V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 95% -> [\u200bIMG]= 1.96<\/p>\n
p (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 SDD t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc) = 0.35<\/p>\n
\u0394 (kho\u1ea3ng sai l\u1ec7ch mong mu\u1ed1n) = 0.05<\/p>\n
=> n = 1.962 x [\u200bIMG]= 349.59<\/p>\n
V\u1eady c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 350<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 21: Nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa \u0103n l\u1ea1c m\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 aflatoxin v\u1edbi ung th\u01b0 gan, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ed3i c\u1ee9u ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0103n l\u1ea1c m\u1ed1c trong s\u1ed1 60 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ung th\u01b0 gan th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 45 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u0169ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi 240 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ko b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 gan th\u00ec c\u00f3 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n l\u1ea1c m\u1ed1c<\/p>\n
a, \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u00ec?<\/p>\n
b, Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng 2×2 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n
c, L\u00fd gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n
a, \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
b,<\/p>\n
B\u1ec7nh<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ee9ng<\/p>\n
E<\/p>\n
45<\/p>\n
30<\/p>\n
75<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n
15<\/p>\n
210<\/p>\n
225<\/p>\n
60<\/p>\n
240<\/p>\n
300<\/p>\n
T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t ch\u00eanh OR = [\u200bIMG]= 21<\/p>\n
c, L\u00fd gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n l\u1ea1c m\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 aflatoxin c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 gan cao g\u1ea5p 21 l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ko \u0103n<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u 22: Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb lao, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m virus vi\u00eam gan B \u1edf 1 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nh\u01b0ng ko c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5m virus vi\u00eam gan B, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m xem c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng HBs. Trong s\u1ed1 90 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang virus vi\u00eam gan B, 24 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng HBs. Trong s\u1ed1 139 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ko c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang virus vi\u00eam gan B, 24 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng HBs<\/p>\n
Anh (ch\u1ecb) h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng 2×2 \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda). H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a anh (ch\u1ecb)?<\/p>\n
1) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ea7n t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00ec: th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ecm kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng HBs \u1edf c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi virus vi\u00eam gan B hay ko. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m lao<\/p>\n
2)<\/p>\n
D<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n
E<\/p>\n
24 (a)<\/p>\n
66 (b)<\/p>\n
90<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG]\n
24 (c)<\/p>\n
115 (d)<\/p>\n
139<\/p>\n
48<\/p>\n
181<\/p>\n
229<\/p>\n[\u200bIMG](t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh trong s\u1ed1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m) = [\u200bIMG]\n[\u200bIMG](t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh trong s\u1ed1 ko ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m) = [\u200bIMG]\n
RR (nguy c\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i) = [\u200bIMG]: [\u200bIMG]= [\u200bIMG]: [\u200bIMG]= 1.54<\/p>\n
K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang virus vi\u00eam gan B c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m virus vi\u00eam gan B cao g\u1ea5p 1.54 l\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ko c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang virus vi\u00eam gan BYKTN<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0110\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: 1, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:+c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ed lu\u1eadn (1-2 trang):gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00eau kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft & thi\u1ebfu t.tin +C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: 3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4 g\u00ec?:…. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c who care- ai quan t\u00e2m? So what: \u1ee9ng …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-mon-co-so","category-phuong-phap-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2059"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2059\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2293,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2059\/revisions\/2293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ykhoataynguyen.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}